Timeline of Chinese Dynasties: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms Period, Western Jin, Eastern Jin, Five Minority Groups and Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern Dynasty, Northern Dynasty, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Northern Song, Southern Song, Liao, Xixia, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing.
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Period |
Dynasty |
Founder |
Capital (Modern Area) |
Co-existing Kingdoms and Period |
|
2070 - 1600 B.C. |
Yu the Great |
Anyi (Xiaxian county in Shanxi ) |
|
|
|
1600 - 1046 B.C. |
Tang |
Bo (Shangqiu, Henan); Yin (in Anyang, Henan)① |
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|
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1046 - 256 B.C |
King Wu Ji Fa |
Haojing (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
|
|
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1014 - 771 B.C |
Western Zhou (275 years) |
King Wu Ji Fa |
Haojing (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
|
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770 - 256 B.C |
Eastern Zhou (514 years) |
|
Luoyi (Luoyang) |
Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 B.C) |
|
Warring Period (475 - 221 B.C) |
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221 - 207 B.C |
Qin (15 years) |
Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng |
Xianyang |
|
|
206 - 202 B.C |
Western Chu (5 years) |
Overlord of Western ChuXiang Yu |
Pengcheng (Xuzhou, Jiangsu) |
|
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202 B.C - 220 A.D |
Western Han (202 B.C - 8 A.D, 210 years) |
Liu Bang |
Chang’an (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
|
|
Xin Han② (8 - 23 A.D, 16 years) |
Wang Mang |
Chang’an (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
|
|
|
Xuan Han (23 - 25 A.D, 2 years)③ |
Liu Xuan |
Wancheng (Nanyang, Henan); Luoyang; Chang’an (Xian, Shaanxi) |
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|
|
Eastern Han (25 - 220 A.D, 195 years) |
Liu Xiu |
Luoyang |
|
|
|
220 - 280 A.D |
Three Kingdoms Period (60 years) |
Cao Pi |
Luoyang |
Kingdom of Wei (220 - 265) |
|
Liu Bei |
Chengdu |
Kingdom of Shu (221 - 263) |
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|
Sun Quan |
Jianye (Nanjing, Jiangsu) |
Kingdom of Wu (222 - 280) |
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|
265 - 420 A.D |
Western Jin (265 - 316, 51 years) |
Sima Yan |
Luoyang |
Sixteen Kingdoms of Five Ethnic Groups④ (304 - 439) |
|
Eastern Jin (317 - 420, 103 years) |
Sima Rui |
Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) |
|
|
|
420 - 589 A.D |
Liu Yu |
Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) |
Kingdom of Song (420 - 479 ) |
|
|
Xiao Daocheng |
Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) |
Kingdom of Qi (479 - 502) |
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|
Xiao Yan |
Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) |
Kingdom of Liang (502 - 557) |
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|
Chen Baxian |
Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu) |
Kingdom of Chen (557 - 589) |
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|
Tuoba Gui |
Pingcheng (Datong, Shanxi); Luoyang |
Northern Wei (386 - 534) |
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|
Yuan Shanjian |
Yecheng (Handan) |
Eastern Wei (534 - 550) |
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|
Yuan Baoju |
Chang’an (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
Western Wei (535 - 556) |
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|
Gao Yang |
Yecheng (Handan) |
Northern Qi (550 - 577) |
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|
Yuwen Jue |
Chang’an (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
Northern Zhou (557 - 581) |
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|
581 - 618 A.D |
Sui (38 years) |
Yang Jian |
Daxing (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
|
|
618 - 907 A.D |
Li Yuan |
Chang’an (Xi’an, Shaanxi) |
|
|
|
902 - 979 A.D |
Five Dynasties (53 years) |
Zhu Huang |
Kaifeng, Henan |
Later Liang (907 - 923) |
|
Li Cunmao |
Luoyang, Henan |
Later Tang (923 - 936) |
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|
Shi Jingtang |
Kaifeng, Henan |
Later Jin (936 - 947) |
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|
Liu Hao |
Kaifeng, Henan |
Later Han (947 - 950) |
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|
Guo Wei |
Kaifeng, Henan |
Later Zhou (951 - 960) |
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Ten States (902 - 979)⑥ |
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960 - 1279 A.D |
Zhao Kuangyin |
Kaifeng, Henan |
Qidan (907 - 947) |
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Liao Dynasty (947 - 1125) |
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Western Liao (1124 - 1218) |
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Kingdom of Dali (937 - 1254) |
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Western Xia (1038 - 1227) |
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Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234) |
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|
Zhao Gou |
Lin’an (Hangzhou, Zhejiang) |
Mongol (1206 - 1272) |
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|
1271 - 1368 A.D |
Kublai Khan |
Dadu (Beijing) |
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1368 - 1644 A.D |
Zhu Yuanzhang |
Beijing |
Northern Yuan (1368 - 1402) |
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|
Later Jin (1616 - 1636) |
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|
1636 - 1912 A.D |
Hong Taiji |
Beijing |
Southern Ming (1644 - 1683) |
①When the Shang Dynasty was established, the capital was in Bo (current Shangqiu, Henan). In the first 300 years after the Shang dynasty's founding, the domestic turmoils and natural disasters had forced the Shang rulers to move the capital five times. During Pan Geng’s reign, he moved the capital to Yin (present Anyang) and created a rather reviving Shang dynasty. Since then, the capital was settled permanently. Therefore, the Shang dynasty is also regarded as Yin Shang.
②New Han: In the late Western Han dynasty, the social conflict became so intensified that the Han court believed Wang Mang, a wise and modest royal member, could save the crisis. In December of year 8, Wang Mang established a new dynasty and performed a series of reforms called Wang Mang’s Reform.
③Xuan Han: In 23 A.D, large-scale peasant uprisings broke out, and as a result, the New Han established by Wang Mang, fell apart. Liu Bang’s ninth-generation descendant Liu Xuan established a new dynasty and continued to use the Han as the state title.
④Five Minority Groups and Sixteen Kingdoms Period refers to the five minority groups in north China and the regimes they established during the time from the late Western Jin dynasty to the Northern Wei Dynasty, unifying northern China. The five minorities refer to Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, and Qiang. The Sixteen kingdoms are Former Liang, Later Liang, Southern Liang, Western Liang, Northern Liang, Han (Former Zhao), Later Zhao (Wei), Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Qin, Former Yan, Later Yan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Xia, and Cheng (Cheng Han).
⑤Wu Zetian (624 - 705) ascended the throne in 690, changed the state title from Tang to Zhou, and moved the capital to Luoyang. She is the only empress in Chinese history, and her reign lasted 15 years. After she died in 705, his son resumed the regime and continued to rule under the state title of Tang.
⑥Five Dynasties and Ten States (907 - 979): five dynasties are Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou. Ten states refer to the ten regimes entrenched in south China, including Southern Wu, Former Shu, Wuyue, Machu, Min, Southern Han, Jinnan (Nanping), Later Shu, Southern Tang, and Northern Han. The fact is there were more than ten states at that time. Other nations like Tubo, Bohai State, Liuqiu Kingdom, Gedei Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Huihu, Tuguhun, and many more existed. In 960, a general named Zho Kuangyin from the Later Zhou dynasty launched a military mutiny at Chenqiao and established the Northern Song dynasty. Since then, five dynasties period ended. In 979, the Northern Song court also defeated the Northern Han state and achieved central China's unification.
1. Early Dynasties of China - Xia Shang and Zhou Dynasties
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